Please read the following article:

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/world-bank-groups-role-global-development

Questions:

1. How have recent global crises, such as the pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, exposed the limitations of the World Bank and other Western lenders in supporting developing economies?
2. What are some of the alternatives to the World Bank that have emerged in recent years, and how do they differ in terms of their approach to development finance?
3. What reforms should the World Bank implement to provide equal representation?
4. In the context of globalization 4.0, how can the World Bank remain relevant and adapt to the changing global landscape?

Please read the following article:

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-imf

Questions:

1. How has the IMF’s role evolved since its creation, and what are its primary functions in the global economic system today?
2. What are some of the main criticisms leveled against the IMF, particularly regarding its loan conditions and their impact on developing countries? Are the criteria for lending still the same?
3. How does the IMF’s governance structure impact its ability to represent the interests of emerging economies?
4. In the context of globalization 4.0, how can the IMF remain relevant and adapt to the changing global landscape?

Please read the following articles:

https://world101.cfr.org/understanding-international-system/global-governance/what-world-trade-organization

https://busociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IF10002.pdf

Questions:

1. What is the role of the WTO in the international system, has the WTO been successful?
2. What reforms are suggested/implemented to make the WTO more efficient?
3. What is the MFN? Is it beneficial for global trade?
4. In the context of globalization 4.0, how can the WTO remain relevant and adapt to the changing global landscape?